Honor killing

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An honor killing or honour killing[1] (also called a customary killing) is the murder of a family or clan member by one or more fellow (mostly male) family members, in which the perpetrators (and potentially the wider community) believe the victim to have brought dishonour upon the family, clan, or community. The perceived dishonor is normally the result of the following behaviors, or the suspicion of such behaviors: (a) utilizing dress codes unacceptable to the family/community, (b) wanting to terminate or prevent an arranged marriage or desiring to marry by own choice, or (c) engaging in certain sexual acts, including those with the opposite or same sex. Such killings or attempted killings result from the perception that the defense of honor justifies killing a person whose behavior dishonors their own clan or family. Honour killing is more prevalent where a member of a lower class (wrt., social status or wealth status) marries a person of relatively higher class (high social or wealth status). The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) estimates that the annual worldwide total of honor-killing victims may be as high as 5,000.[2]

Contents

Honor killings in history

Honor killings and punishments have been documented over centuries among a wide variety of ethnic and religious groups throughout the world. For example, the Code of Hammurabi of Babylon which was issued in 1790 BC penalized adulterous couples by drowning.[3]

The 1075 BC Assyrian law of the civilization of Mesopotamia stated that the father of a defiled virgin shall punish his daughter however he saw fit.

In the Bible, the Book of Genesis (38:24), Judah demanded for the burning of his daughter-in-law Tamar, whom he was told to be pregnant via harlotry; this view is then supported in Book of Leviticus (21:9). Other capital offenses include "cursing" one's parents (Leviticus 20:9) and worshiping other gods (Deuteronomy 13:7-12).

Matthew Goldstein has noted that honor killings were encouraged in ancient Rome, where male family members who did not take actions against the female adulterers in their family were "actively persecuted".[4]

Definitions

In the modern age, the term was first used by a Dutch scholar of Turkish society, Ane Nauta[5] in 1978. Nauta sought a term that could be used in contradistinction to the blood feud, with which honour killings should not be confused.

Human Rights Watch defines "honor killings" as follows:

Honor crimes are acts of violence, usually murder, committed by male family members against female family members, who are held to have brought dishonor upon the family. A woman can be targeted by (individuals within) her family for a variety of reasons, including: refusing to enter into an arranged marriage, being the victim of a sexual assault, seeking a divorce — even from an abusive husband — or (allegedly) committing adultery. The mere perception that a woman has behaved in a way that "dishonors" her family is sufficient to trigger an attack on her life.[6]

The loose term honor killing applies to killing of both males and females in cultures that practice it.[7] For example, during the year 2002 in Pakistan, it is estimated that 245 women and 137 men were killed in the name of Karo-kari in Sindh. These killings target women and men who choose to have relationships outside of their family's tribal affiliation and/or religious community.

Some women who bridge social divides, publicly engage other communities, or adopt some of the customs or the religion of an outside group may thus also be attacked. In countries that receive immigration, some otherwise low-status immigrant men and boys have asserted their dominant patriarchal status by inflicting honor killings on women family members who have participated in public life, for example in feminist and integration politics.[8] Women in the family tend to support the honor killing of one of their own, agreeing that the family is the property and asset of men and boys. Alternatively, matriarchs may be motivated not by personal belief in the misogynistic ideology of women as property, but rather by pragmatic calculations. Sometimes a mother may support an honor killing of an "offending" female family member in order to preserve the honor of other female family members since many men in these societies will refuse to marry the sister of a "shamed" female whom the family has not chosen to punish, thereby "purifying" the family name by murdering the suspected female.

There is some evidence that homosexuality can also be perceived as grounds for honor killing by relatives. In one case, a gay Jordanian man was shot and wounded by his brother.[9] In another case, a homosexual Turkish student, Ahmet Yildiz, was shot outside a cafe and later died in the hospital. Sociologists have called this Turkey's first publicized gay honor killing.[10][11]

Men can also be the victims of honour killings.[12]

Honor suicides

Over 80 Iraqi women in Diyala province committed suicide, to escape the shame of having been raped. They chose to become suicide bombers to escape the shame; their rapes were planned in advance by 51-year-old Iraqi woman Samira Jassim, who confessed to Iraqi police that she organized their rapes so she could later persuade each of them to become a suicide bomber to escape their shame.[13][14] [15]

The 18-year old unwed Ayat al-Akhras, the suicide bomber of a Jerusalem supermarket on 29 Mar 2002, was pregnant according to Israeli police report.[16]

Locations

According to the UN in 2002:

The report of the Special Rapporteur... concerning cultural practices in the family that are violent towards women (E/CN.4/2002/83), indicated that honour killings had been reported in Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Pakistan, the Syrian Arab Republic, Turkey, Yemen, and other Mediterranean and Persian Gulf countries, and that they had also taken place in western countries such as France, Germany and the United Kingdom, within migrant communities.[17][18]

There is a strong positive correlation between violence against women, and women's social power and equality; and a baseline of development, associated with access to basic resources, health care, and human capital, such as literacy - as research by Richard G. Wilkinson shows. In a male-dominated society, there is more inequality between men, and women lose out not just physically and economically, but crucially because men who feel subordinated will often try to regain a sense of their authority in turn by excessive subordination of those below them, i.e. women. He says that in male-dominated societies, both men and women suffer more violence, and worse health.[19]

According to Widney Brown, advocacy director for Human Rights Watch, the practice "goes across cultures and across religions."[20]

Europe

In 2005, Der Spiegel reported: "In the past four months, six Muslim women living in Berlin have been brutally murdered by family members". The article went on to cover the case of Hatun Sürücü, who was murdered by her brother for not staying with her husband of forced marriage, and of "living like a German". Precise statistics on how many women die every year in such honor killings are hard to come by, as many crimes are never reported, said Myria Boehmecke of the Tuebingen-based women's group Terre des Femmes which, among other things, tries to protect Muslim girls and women from oppressive families. The Turkish women's organization Papatya has documented 40 instances of honor killings in Germany since 1996.[21][22]

Hatun Sürücü's brother was convicted of murder and jailed for nine years and three months by a German court in 2006.[23]

In March 2009, Turkish immigrant Gülsüm S. was killed for a relationship outside her family's plan for an arranged marriage.[24]

Every year in the UK, a dozen women are victims of honor killings, occurring almost exclusively to date within Asian and Middle Eastern families,[25] and often cases are unresolved due to the unwillingness of family, relatives and communities to testify. A 2006 BBC poll for the Asian network in the UK found that 1 in 10 of the 500 young Asians polled said that they could condone the murder of someone who dishonored their family.[26] In the UK, in December 2005, Nazir Afzal, Director, west London, of Britain's Crown Prosecution Service, stated that the United Kingdom has seen "at least a dozen honour killings" between 2004 and 2005.[27] While precise figures do not exist for the perpetrators' cultural backgrounds, Diana Nammi of the UK's Iranian and Kurdish Women's Rights Organisation is reported to have said: "about two-thirds are Muslim. Yet they can also be Hindu, Sikh and even eastern European."[28]

Another well known case was of Heshu Yones, who was stabbed to death by her father in London in 2002, when her family heard a love song dedicated to her and suspected she had a boyfriend.[29] Another girl suffered a similar fate in Turkey.[30] In Sweden, a 26-year-old Kurdish woman Fadime Şahindal was murdered by her father in 2002. [31]

In most recent cases, a 16-year-old girl had been buried alive by relatives for befriending boys in Southeast Turkey; her corpse was only found 40 days after she went missing.[32]

Middle East

In April 2008 it came to light that some months prior, a Saudi woman was killed by her father for chatting on Facebook to a man. The murder only came to light when a Saudi cleric referred to the case in an attempt to demonstrate the strife that the website causes.[33]

A June 2008 report by the Turkish Prime Ministry's Human Rights Directorate, says that in Istanbul alone, there is one honor killing every week; and reports over 1,000 during the last five years. It adds that metropolitan cities are the location of many of these, due to the growing Kurdish immigration to these cities from the East.[34] In 2009, a Turkish news agency reported that an honor killing had occurred to a 2-day old infant boy who was born out of wedlock. The maternal grandmother of the infant, along with six other persons including a doctor who had reportedly accepted a bribe to not report the birth, were arrested. The grandmother is suspected of fatally suffocating the infant. The child's mother, 25, was also arrested; she stated that her family had made the decision to kill the child.[35]

Ahmet Yildiz, 26, a physics student who represented his country at an international gay gathering in the United States in 2008, was shot leaving a cafe in Istambul. It is believed Yildiz was the victim of the country's first gay honour killing.[36]

There are no exact official numbers about honour killings in Lebanon as many honour killings there are arranged to look like accidents. It is believed that 40-50 women are killed each year in Lebanon in honour related killings. A 2007 report by Amnesty claimed that the Lebanese media in 2001 reported 2-3 honour killings per month in Lebanon although the number is believed by lawyers to be higher.[37]

In the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, it is believed that 3-4 women per month are killed in honour killings. Most of the honour killings are carried out by villagers and is extremely rare in the Palestinian cities and larger towns. The Palestinian authority rules with Jordanian law which gives men reduced punishment for killing a female relative if she has brought dishonour to the family. Due to Palestinian protests, Mahmoud Abbas, President of the Palestinian Authority, promised to change the discrimatory law by the year 2010. He has not yet fulfilled his promise, however, and the law is still valid.

As many as 133 women were killed in the Iraqi city of Basra alone in 2006—79 for violation of "Islamic teachings" and 47 for honor killings, according to IRIN, the news branch of the U.N.'s Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Amnesty International claims honor killings are also conducted by armed groups, not the government, upon politically active women and those who did not follow a strict dress code, as well as women who are perceived as human rights defenders.[38]

Jordan, considered one of the most liberal countries in the Middle East still witnesses instances of honor killings. In Jordan there is minimal gender discrimination and women are permitted to vote, but men receive reduced sentences for killing their wives or female family members if they have brought dishonor to their family. Families often have sons who are considered minors, under the age of 18, to commit the honor killings. A loophole in the juvenile law allows minors to serve time in a juvenile detention center and they are released with a clean criminal record at the age of 18. Rana Husseini, a leading journalist on the topic of honor killings, states that “under the existing law, people found guilty of committing honor killings often receive sentences as light as six months in prison”.[39] There has been much outcry in Jordan for the amendments of Article 340 and 98. In 1999, King Abdullah created a council to review the gender inequalities in the country. The Council returned with a recommendation to repeal Article 340. “[T]he cabinet approved the recommendation, the measure was presented to parliament twice in November 1999 and January 2000 and in both cases, though approved by the upper house, it failed to pass the elected lower house”.[39] In 2001 after parliament was suspended, a number of temporary laws were created which were subject to parliamentary ratification. One of the amendments was that “husbands would no longer be exonerated for murdering unfaithful wives, but instead the circumstances would be considered as evidence for mitigating punishments”. Also to continue with the efforts of creating gender equality, women were given the same reduction in punishment if found guilty of the crime. But parliament returned to session in 2003 and the ratifications were rejected by the lower house after two successful readings in the upper house.[39]

North America

Canada

A 2007 study by Dr. Amin Muhammad and Dr. Sujay Patel of Memorial University, Canada, investigated how the practice of honour killings has been brought to Canada. The report explained that "[w]hen people come and settle in Canada they can bring their traditions and forcefully follow them. In some cultures, people feel some boundaries are never to be crossed, and if someone would violate those practices or go against it, then murder is justified to them." The report noted that "In different cultures, they can get away without being punished — the courts actually sanction them under religious contexts". The report also asserted that the people who commit these crimes are usually mentally ill. The reported asserted that the mental health aspect is often ignored by Western observers because of a lack of understanding of the insufficiently developed state of mental healthcare in developing countries in which honor killings are prevalent.[40]

United States

An 2009 article in Middle East Quarterly argues that the United States is far behind Europe in acknowledging that honor killings are a special form of domestic violence, requiring special training and special programs to protect the young women and girls most likely to be the victim of such practices. The article suggests that the fear of being labeled "culturally insensitive" often prevents government officials in the United States and the media from both identifying and accurately reporting these incidents as "honor killings" when they occur. Failing to accurately describe the problem makes it more difficult to develop public policies to address it.[41]

South Asia

Pakistan

In Pakistan honor killings are known locally as karo-kari. An Amnesty International report noted "the failure of the authorities to prevent these killings by investigating and punishing the perpetrators."[42] Recent cases include that of three teenage girls who were buried alive after refusing arranged marriages.[43] Another case was that of Taslim Khatoon Solangi, 17, of Hajna Shah village in Khairpur district, which became widely reported after the graphic account of her father, 57-year-old Gul Sher Solangi,who alleged his eight months’ pregnant daughter was tortured and murdered on March 7 on the orders of her father-in-law, who accused her of carrying a child conceived out of wedlock.[44][45] Statistically, honor killings enjoy high level of support in Pakistan's rural society, despite widespread condemnation from human rights groups.[46] In 2002 alone, over 382 people, about 245 women and 137 men, became victims of honor killings in the Sindh province of Pakistan.[47] Over the course of six years, over 4,000 women have fallen victim to this practice in Pakistan from 1999 to 2004.[48] More recently (in 2005), the average annual number of honor killings for the whole nation ran up to more than 10,000 per year. [49] According to woman rights advocates, the concept of women as property and honor is so deeply entrenched in the social, political and economic fabric of Pakistan that the government, for the most part, ignores the daily occurrences of women being killed and maimed by their families." [50] Frequently, women murdered in "honour" killings are recorded as having committed suicide or died in accidents. [50]

A conference held in May 2005 in Islamabad, Pakistan addressed whether Pakistani law, governments and international agencies were having any positive impact in reducing honor killings in Pakistan.[51] They found that more cases of honor killings are being reported and more women are having the courage to come forward, but also found a severe dearth of proper implementation of laws and assurances that men who commit honor killings are not given lighter sentences. The conference found fault with Pakistan's Zina laws that put women in an unfair disadvantage and inferior position, often at the mercy of men to prove her innocence.

In the United Kingdom, honour killing is frequent in the Pakistani diaspora and within the Muslim community, with approximately 10-12 cases occurring each year.[52] Example cases include Tulay Goren, (Shia Muslim) [53] Samaira Nazir (Pakistani Muslim), and Heshu Yones (Kurdish Muslim) [53] However, it is noted by sociologists that honour killings do not necessarily have to do with religion, but rather the cultures in different regions where religions occur.[52] Savitri Goonesekere qualifies this claim, however, by stating that Islamic leaders in Pakistan use religious justifications for sanctioning honor killings.[54]

India

Honour killings have been reported in northern regions of India (mainly in the Indian states of Punjab, Rajasthan, Haryana and Bihar) as a result of persons marrying without their family's acceptance or sometimes for marrying outside their caste or religion. Among Rajputs, marriages with other caste members can result in the killing of the married couple and immediate family members. This form of honour killing is attributed to Rajput culture and traditional views on the perceived "purity" of one's lineage.

The Indian state of Punjab also is notorious for honour killings. As per data compiled by the Punjab Police, 34 honour killings have been reported in the state between 2008 and 2010: 10 in 2008, 20 in 2009, and four in 2010 .[55]

Haryana also is known for incidents of honour killing.[20][56] Bhagalpur in the northern Indian state of Bihar has also been notorious for honour killings.[57] Recent cases include a 16-year-old girl, Imrana, from Bhojpur who was set on fire inside her house in a case of what the police called ‘moral vigilantism’. The victim had screamed for help for about 20 minutes before neighbours arrived, only to find her still smoldering. She was admitted to a local hospital, where she later succumbed to her injuries.[58] In another case in May 2008, Jayvirsingh Bhadodiya shot his daughter Vandana Bhadodiya and struck her in the head with an axe.[59] In june 2010 some incidents were reported even from Delhi.

In a landmark judgment, in March 2010, Karnal district court ordered the execution of the five perpetrators in an honour killing case, while giving a life sentence to the khap (local caste-based council) head who ordered the killings of Manoj Banwala (23) and Babli (19), two members of the same clan who eloped and married in June 2007. Despite being given police protection on court orders, they were kidnapped; their mutilated bodies were found a week later from an irrigation canal.[60][61][62]

In contrast, honour killings are rare to non-existent in South India and the western Indian states of Maharashtra and Gujarat. There have been no honor killings in West Bengal in over 100 years, largely due to the activism and influence of reformists such as Vivekananda, Ramakrishna, Vidyasagar and Raja Ram Mohan Roy.[63]

In 1990, the National Commission for Women set up a statutory body in order to address the issues of honor killings among some ethnic groups in North India. This body reviewed constitutional, legal and other provisions as well as challenges women face. The NCW's activism has contributed significantly towards the reduction of honor killings in rural areas of North India.[64] According to Pakistani activists Hina Jilani and Eman M. Ahmed, Indian women are considerably better protected against honor killings by Indian law and government than Pakistani women, and they have suggested that governments of countries affected by honor killings use Indian law as a model in order to prevent honor killings in their respective societies.[54]

In June 2010, scrutinizing the increasing number of honour killings, the Supreme Court of India issued notices to the Central Government and six states including Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan, to take preventive measures against the social evil.[65]

Alarmed by the rise of honour killings, the Government is planning to bring a bill in the Monsoon Session of Parliament next month (July 2010) to provide for deterrent punishment for 'honour' killings .[66]

As a cultural practice

Sharif Kanaana, professor of anthropology at Birzeit University states that honor killing is:

“ A complicated issue that cuts deep into the history of Arab society. .. What the men of the family, clan, or tribe seek control of in a patrilineal society is reproductive power. Women for the tribe were considered a factory for making men. The honour killing is not a means to control sexual power or behavior. What's behind it is the issue of fertility, or reproductive power.[67] ”

An Amnesty International statement adds:

The regime of honor is unforgiving: women on whom suspicion has fallen are not given an opportunity to defend themselves, and family members have no socially acceptable alternative but to remove the stain on their honor by attacking the woman.[68]

Hina Jilani, lawyer and human rights activist, says:

“ The right to life of women in Pakistan is conditional on their obeying social norms and traditions.[69] ”

A July 2008 Turkish study by a team from Dicle University on honor killings in the Southeastern Anatolia Region (the predominantly Kurdish area of Turkey) has so far shown that little if any social stigma is attached to the act. It also comments that the practise is not related to a feudal societal structure, "there are also perpetrators who are well-educated university graduates. Of all those surveyed, 60 percent are either high school or university graduates or at the very least, literate."[70]

In national legal codes

According to the report of the Special Rapporteur submitted to the 58th session of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights (2002) concerning cultural practices in the family that reflect violence against women (E/CN.4/2002/83):

The Special Rapporteur indicated that there had been contradictory decisions with regard to the honour defense in Brazil, and that legislative provisions allowing for partial or complete defense in that context could be found in the penal codes of Argentina, Ecuador, Egypt, Guatemala, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Peru, Syria, Venezuela and the Palestinian National Authority.[17]

Countries where the law is interpreted to allow men to kill female relatives in a premeditated effort as well as for crimes of passions, in flagrante delicto in the act of committing adultery, include:

Countries that allow men to kill female relatives in flagrante delicto (but without premeditation) include:

Countries that allow husbands to kill only their wives in flagrante delicto (based upon the Napoleonic code) include:

Countries where honor killing is not legal but is known to occur include:

Support and sanction

Chechen President Ramzan Kadyrov said that honor killings were perpetrated on those who deserved to die. He said that those who are killed have "loose morals" and are rightfully shot by relatives in honor killings. He did not vilify women alone but added that "If a woman runs around and if a man runs around with her, both of them are killed."[83][84]

Quranic verse An-Nisa 4:15 is seen as approving honour killing if misconduct is established against the victim. [85]

Criticism and admonishment

Religions and historical figures alike have condemned honor killings in the past and fought for the good name of accused victims. According to John (8:2-11), concerning a woman caught in bed with a man who was not her husband, Jesus said "If any of you have never sinned, then go ahead and throw the first stone at her!", causing the crowd to disperse and the woman released. Meanwhile, Quranic verse (24:4) dictates that should a woman be accused of promiscuity without there being four trustworthy witnesses to support the allegations, the accusers are to be flogged unless they apologise to the accused woman.

See also

Victims

Further reading

References

  1. ↑ See spelling differences.
  2. ↑ "A Human Rights and Health Priority". United Nations Population Fund. http://www.unfpa.org/swp/2000/english/ch03.html. Retrieved 2007-08-15. 
  3. ↑ Prohibiting Female Infanticide
  4. ↑ http://english.ohmynews.com/articleview/article_view.asp?at_code=360343
  5. ↑ http://www.eerwraak.be/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=27&Itemid=37&PHPSESSID=f7v7fehpsgnvf74p15gj6evqg4
  6. ↑ "Violence Against Women and "Honor" Crimes". Human Rights Watch. http://www.hrw.org/press/2001/04/un_oral12_0405.htm. Retrieved 2001-04-06. 
  7. ↑ Teen Lovers Murdered in India Honor Killing. LiveLeak.com
  8. ↑ (Swedish)"Fadimes minnesfond". fadimesminne.nu. http://www.fadimesminne.nu/. Retrieved 2007-06-06. 
  9. ↑ Marina Jimenez. "Gay Jordanian now 'gloriously free' in Canada". The Globe and Mail. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/Page/document/v4/sub/MarketingPage?user_URL=http://www.theglobeandmail.com%2Fservlet%2FArticleNews%2FTPStory%2FLAC%2F20040520%2FGAY20%2FTPNational%2FTopStories&ord=1145130566379&brand=theglobeandmail&force_login=true. Retrieved 2004-05-20. 
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  19. ↑ Richard G. Wilkinson (2005). The Impact of Inequality. The New Press. ISBN 9781565849259. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kxWSsoA5Q_4C&dq=%22richard+wilkinson%22+inequality&pg=PP1&ots=xem4wcQbpL&sig=7jDm6UAG-GfUeBCX8BxPqYmmQRc&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPA215,M1. 
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  22. ↑ Geiger, Eric (2005-12-04). "Muslim girls in Austria fighting forced marriages - Program for women helps them escape from family pressures, unwanted weddings -- and violence". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2005/12/04/MNGH0G1B7L1.DTL&type=printable. 
  23. ↑ "Turkish man in Berlin jailed for 'honour killing' of sister". www.expatica.com. http://www.expatica.com/de/articles/news/turkish-man-in-berlin-jailed-for-honour-killing-of-sister-29300.html.  here
  24. ↑ "Erschlagen, weil sie schwanger war? - Killed, because she was pregnant?". Der Bild. http://www.bild.de/BILD/news/2009/03/11/ehrenmord/erschlagen-weil-sie-schwanger-war.html. 
  25. ↑ "BBC: Honour killings in the UK". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/ethics/honourcrimes/crimesofhonor_2.shtml. Retrieved 2008-09-27. 
  26. ↑ "One in 10 'backs honour killings'". BBC. 2006-09-04. http://news.bbc.co.uk/nolpda/ukfs_news/hi/newsid_5311000/5311244.stm. Retrieved 2008-09-27. 
  27. ↑ Lily Gupta (2008-01-09). "Multicultural sensitivity is no excuse for moral blindness ...". London: The Guardian. http://commentisfree.guardian.co.uk/lily_gupta/2008/01/forcing_the_issue.html. Retrieved 2008-02-08. 
  28. ↑ James Button (2008-02-02). "My family, my killers". The Sydney Morning Herald. http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2008/02/01/1201801034293.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap2. Retrieved 2008-09-27. 
  29. ↑ http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/news/article99191.ece
  30. ↑ "A Feminist analysis of Honour Killings in rural Turkey". http://www.scar.utoronto.ca/~socsci/sever/pubs/honorkillings.html. 
  31. ↑ "Kurd murder sparks ethnic debate". CNN. 2002-02-05. http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/02/04/sweden.sahindal/. Retrieved 2010-05-04. .
  32. ↑ "Girl buried alive in honour killing in Turkey: Report". AFP. 2010-02-04. http://www.montrealgazette.com/Girl+buried+alive+honour+killing+Turkey+Report/2521342/story.html. Retrieved 2010-06-25. .
  33. ↑ Damien McElroy (2008-03-31). "Saudi woman killed for chatting on Facebook". London: The Daily Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1583420/Saudi-woman-killed-for-chatting-on-Facebook.html. Retrieved 2008-09-27. 
  34. ↑ "Honor killings claim 1,000 lives in five years". Turkish Daily News. http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=107834. Retrieved 2008-09-27. 
  35. ↑ (Fr) Le Monde (France), Un bébé de 2 jours victime d'un "crime d'honneur" en Turquie. LEMONDE.FR with Reuters. April 16, 2010. Accessed 2010-04-17.
  36. ↑ Birch, Nicholas. "The victim of Turkey's first gay honour killing?". The Independent (London). http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/was-ahmet-yildiz-the-victim-of-turkeys-first-gay-honour-killing-871822.html. 
  37. ↑ "Hedersmord". Amnesty. http://www2.amnesty.se/krg.nsf/Webbdokument/0239DFFA7B4CACEFC1256CB700473F8D?opendocument. Retrieved 2007. 
  38. ↑ Arwa Damon (2008-02-08). "Violations of 'Islamic teachings' take deadly toll on Iraqi women". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/02/08/iraq.women/index.html?eref=ib_topstories. Retrieved 2008-02-08. 
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  40. ↑ Jamie Baker. "Cultural 'honour' killing brought to Canada". The Telegram. http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/story.html?id=d05e437f-4661-4965-9455-ff30c6b9d4a5&k=20265. Retrieved 2008-09-27. 
  41. ↑ Are Honor Killings Simply Domestic Violence?
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  64. ↑ Women : Government Intervention, National Commission for Women
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82. Maria Zain, (Nov 6 2007) Prohibiting Female Infanticide: What the Qur'an Says about the Killing of Baby Girls and Gender Bias

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